XMerge branch 'master' of git.lumc.nl:courses/programming-course

README.md

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ be done in your own time (i.e., during the afternoons).
 
 Please note that the above mentioned date and location are subject to change.
 
-Program
+Program and Materials
 -------
 
 - Mornings: presentations.
@@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ Program
 
 | Day             | Time  | Lesson                              | Teacher  | 
 |-----------------|-------|------------------------------------ |----------|
-| Monday, 18/9    | 9-10  | Welcome, Introduction to Python (1) | Mihai    | 
-|                 | 10-11 | Introduction to Python (2)          | Jeroen   |  
-|                 | 11-12 | Introduction to Python (3)          | Mihai    | 
+| Monday, 18/9    | 9-10  | [Welcome][lesson_01], [Introduction to Python (1)][lesson_02_01] | Mihai    | 
+|                 | 10-11 | [Introduction to Python (2)][lesson_02_02]          | Jeroen   |  
+|                 | 11-12 | [Introduction to Python (3)][lesson_02_03]          | Mihai    | 
 |                 | 12-13 | Practical help                      |          | 
 | Tuesday, 19/9   | 9-10  | Assignments review                  |          |
-|                 | 10-11 | More Python Goodness (1)            | Mihai    | 
-|                 | 11-12 | More Python Goodness (2)            | Mihai    | 
+|                 | 10-11 | [More Python Goodness (1)][lesson_03_01]            | Mihai    | 
+|                 | 11-12 | [More Python Goodness (2)][lesson_03_02]            | Mihai    | 
 |                 | 12-13 | IPython Notebook                    | Mark     | 
 | Wednesday, 20/9 | 9-10  | Assignments review                  |          | 
 |                 | 10-11 | Data manipulation (NumPy, Pandas)   | Mark     | 
@@ -48,29 +48,22 @@ Program
 |                 | 11-12 | Biopython                           | Guy      | 
 |                 | 12-13 | Putting everything together         | Jeroen   |
 
+Some of the lessons are slideshows, whereas others are just
+notebooks we scroll through during class. The links above are all one-page
+static renderings on [IPython Notebook Viewer](http://nbviewer.ipython.org/).
 
-Materials
----------
 
-The top-level directory contains materials for the following lessons:
+Assignments
+-------
+- [First day](https://classroom.github.com/a/QU2iPYKn).
 
-1. Welcome ([slides][lesson_01])
-2. Introduction to Python ([slides 1][lesson_02_01], [slides 2][lesson_02_02],
-   [slides 3][lesson_02_03])
-3. More Python Goodness ([notebook 1][lesson_03_01], [notebook 2][lesson_03_02])
-4. Working with NumPy arrays ([slides][lesson_04])
-5. IPython Notebook ([notebook][lesson_05])
-6. Plotting with matplotlib ([notebook][lesson_06])
-7. Painting Pandas ([slides][lesson_07])
-8. Object-oriented programming ([slides][lesson_08])
-9. A sip of Biopython ([notebook 1][lesson_09_01], [notebook 2][lesson_09_02])
 
 [lesson_01]: http://nbviewer.ipython.org/urls/git.lumc.nl/courses/programming-course/raw/master/introduction/01_welcome.ipynb
-[lesson_02_01]: http://nbviewer.ipython.org/urls/git.lumc.nl/courses/programming-course/raw/master/02%20-%20Introduction%20to%20Python%20(1).ipynb
-[lesson_02_02]: http://nbviewer.ipython.org/urls/git.lumc.nl/courses/programming-course/raw/master/02%20-%20Introduction%20to%20Python%20(2).ipynb
-[lesson_02_03]: http://nbviewer.ipython.org/urls/git.lumc.nl/courses/programming-course/raw/master/02%20-%20Introduction%20to%20Python%20(3).ipynb
-[lesson_03_01]: http://nbviewer.ipython.org/urls/git.lumc.nl/courses/programming-course/raw/master/03%20-%20More%20Python%20goodness%20(1).ipynb
-[lesson_03_02]: http://nbviewer.ipython.org/urls/git.lumc.nl/courses/programming-course/raw/master/03%20-%20More%20Python%20goodness%20(2).ipynb
+[lesson_02_01]: http://nbviewer.ipython.org/urls/git.lumc.nl/courses/programming-course/raw/master/introduction/02_introduction_to_python_1.ipynb
+[lesson_02_02]: http://nbviewer.ipython.org/urls/git.lumc.nl/courses/programming-course/raw/master/introduction/02_introduction_to_python_2.ipynb
+[lesson_02_03]: http://nbviewer.ipython.org/urls/git.lumc.nl/courses/programming-course/raw/master/introduction/02_introduction_to_python_3.ipynb
+[lesson_03_01]: http://nbviewer.ipython.org/urls/git.lumc.nl/courses/programming-course/raw/master/more_python/03_more_python_goodness_1.ipynb
+[lesson_03_02]: http://nbviewer.ipython.org/urls/git.lumc.nl/courses/programming-course/raw/master/more_python/03_more_python_goodness_2.ipynb
 [lesson_04]: http://nbviewer.ipython.org/urls/git.lumc.nl/courses/programming-course/raw/master/04%20-%20Working%20with%20NumPy%20arrays.ipynb
 [lesson_05]: http://nbviewer.ipython.org/urls/git.lumc.nl/courses/programming-course/raw/master/05%20-%20IPython%20Notebook.ipynb
 [lesson_06]: http://nbviewer.ipython.org/urls/git.lumc.nl/courses/programming-course/raw/master/06%20-%20Plotting%20with%20matplotlib.ipynb
@@ -79,17 +72,10 @@ The top-level directory contains materials for the following lessons:
 [lesson_09_01]: http://nbviewer.ipython.org/urls/git.lumc.nl/courses/programming-course/raw/master/09%20-%20A%20sip%20of%20Biopython%20(1).ipynb
 [lesson_09_02]: http://nbviewer.ipython.org/urls/git.lumc.nl/courses/programming-course/raw/master/09%20-%20A%20sip%20of%20Biopython%20(2).ipynb
 
-As indicated, some of the lessons are slideshows, whereas others are just
-notebooks we scroll through during class. The links above are all one-page
-static renderings on [IPython Notebook Viewer](http://nbviewer.ipython.org/).
-
-We also have a
-[repository with material for the assignments](https://git.lumc.nl/courses/programming-course-assignments).
-
 Software installation
 ---------------------
 
-See the instructions in [INSTALL.md](/INSTALL.md).
+See the instructions [here](https://docs.anaconda.com/anaconda/install/).
 
 Notebooks
 ---------

images/python_logo.svg

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introduction/01_welcome.ipynb

@@ -11,8 +11,7 @@
     "<span style=\"font-size: 200%\">Programming in Python</span>\n",
     "===\n",
     "\n",
-    "<br>\n",
-    "\n"
+    "<br>"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -27,12 +26,36 @@
     "===\n",
     "\n",
     "* Aimed at PhD students, Postdocs, researchers, analysts, ...\n",
-    "* Programming as a tool to do your research.\n",
-    "* Slightly focussed on bioinformatics.\n",
+    "* Focus on:\n",
+    " - Basic understanding of Python.\n",
+    " - Programming as a tool to do your research.\n",
+    "    - Slightly biased on bioinformatics.\n",
+    "\n",
     "\n",
     "**Note:** This is its third session."
    ]
   },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Hands on!\n",
+    "===\n",
+    "\n",
+    "**Programming is fun!**\n",
+    "* You only learn programming by doing it.\n",
+    "* Lecture format:\n",
+    "    - Blended teaching + exercising.\n",
+    "* Have your laptop open during the lessons.\n",
+    "* Repeat the code from the slides, play around with it.\n",
+    "* Do the session exercises.\n",
+    "* There will be a few assignments to submit."
+   ]
+  },
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {
@@ -75,24 +98,37 @@
     "Program\n",
     "===\n",
     "\n",
-    "| Day             | Time  | Lesson                              | Teacher  | \n",
-    "|-----------------|-------|------------------------------------ |----------|\n",
-    "| Monday, 18/9    | 9-10  | Welcome, Introduction to Python (1) | Mihai    | \n",
-    "|                 | 10-11 | Introduction to Python (2)          | Jeroen   |  \n",
-    "|                 | 11-12 | Introduction to Python (3)          | Mihai    | \n",
-    "|                 | 12-13 | Practical help                      |          | \n",
-    "| Tuesday, 19/9   | 9-10  | Assignments review                  |          |\n",
-    "|                 | 10-11 | More Python Goodness (1)            | Mihai    | \n",
-    "|                 | 11-12 | More Python Goodness (2)            | Mihai    | \n",
-    "|                 | 12-13 | IPython Notebook                    | Mark     | \n",
-    "| Wednesday, 20/9 | 9-10  | Assignments review                  |          | \n",
-    "|                 | 10-11 | Data manipulation (NumPy, Pandas)   | Mark     | \n",
-    "|                 | 11-12 | Data visualisation (1)              | Guy      | \n",
-    "|                 | 12-13 | Data visualisation (2)              | Guy      | \n",
-    "| Thursday, 21/9  | 9-10  | Assignments review                  |          | \n",
-    "|                 | 10-11 | Object-oriented programming         | Jonathan | \n",
-    "|                 | 11-12 | Biopython                           | Guy      | \n",
-    "|                 | 12-13 | Putting everything together         | Jeroen   |\n",
+    "| Day               | Time  | Lesson                              | Teacher  | \n",
+    "|-------------------|-------|------------------------------------ |----------|\n",
+    "| **Monday, 18/9**  | 9 - 9:30  | Welcome, Setup                  | Mihai    | \n",
+    "|                   | 9:30 - 10:30 |  Introduction to Python (1)  | Mihai    |\n",
+    "|                   | 10:30 - 11:30 | Introduction to Python (2)  | Jeroen   |  \n",
+    "|                   | 11:30 - 12:30 | Introduction to Python (3)  | Mihai    | \n",
+    "|                   | 12:30 - 13:00 | Practical help              |          | \n",
+    "| **Tuesday, 19/9** | 9-10  | Assignments review                  |          |\n",
+    "|                   | 10-11 | More Python Goodness (1)            | Mihai    | \n",
+    "|                   | 11-12 | More Python Goodness (2)            | Mihai    | \n",
+    "|                   | 12-13 | IPython Notebook                    | Mark     | "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "subslide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "| Day                 | Time  | Lesson                              | Teacher  | \n",
+    "|---------------------|-------|------------------------------------ |----------|\n",
+    "| **Wednesday, 20/9** | 9-10  | Assignments review                  |          | \n",
+    "|                     | 10-11 | Data manipulation (NumPy, Pandas)   | Mark     | \n",
+    "|                     | 11-12 | Data visualisation (1)              | Guy      | \n",
+    "|                     | 12-13 | Data visualisation (2)              | Guy      | \n",
+    "| **Thursday, 21/9**  | 9-10  | Assignments review                  |          | \n",
+    "|                     | 10-11 | Object-oriented programming         | Jonathan | \n",
+    "|                     | 11-12 | Biopython                           | Guy      | \n",
+    "|                     | 12-13 | Putting everything together         | Jeroen   |\n",
     "\n",
     "All slides are linked as one-page documents from the course website: [https://git.lumc.nl/courses/programming-course](https://git.lumc.nl/courses/programming-course)"
    ]
@@ -108,12 +144,15 @@
     "Software requirements\n",
     "===\n",
     "\n",
-    "* Anaconda\n",
-    "    * Python 2.7\n",
-    "    * NumPy, matplotlib, Biopython\n",
+    "* Anaconda:\n",
+    "  * Python 2.7\n",
+    "  * Comes with all that's required:\n",
+    "    - Python interpreter, Jupyter Notebook.\n",
+    "    - Libraries:\n",
+    "      - NumPy, Panda, matplotlib, Bokeh, Biopython, ...\n",
+    "  * [Installation instructions](https://docs.anaconda.com/anaconda/install/). \n",
     "* Git\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Anaconda installation instructions [here](https://docs.anaconda.com/anaconda/install/)."
+    "\n"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -124,15 +163,17 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "Exercises\n",
+    "Assignments\n",
     "===\n",
     "\n",
-    "You only learn programming by doing it.\n",
-    "\n",
-    "* Have your laptop open during the lessons.\n",
-    "* Repeat the code from the slides, play around with it.\n",
-    "* Do the exercises.\n",
-    "* There will be a few assignments to submit."
+    "* We make use of GitHub Classroom.\n",
+    "* GitHub account required.\n",
+    "* Receive link with assignment repository.\n",
+    "* Own forked repository to work on.\n",
+    "  - Clone it.\n",
+    "  - Code.\n",
+    "  - Push it.\n",
+    "* Direct file upload to repository is also possible."
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -152,7 +193,7 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 3,
+   "execution_count": 1,
    "metadata": {
     "slideshow": {
      "slide_type": "skip"
@@ -191,7 +232,7 @@
        "<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
       ]
      },
-     "execution_count": 3,
+     "execution_count": 1,
      "metadata": {},
      "output_type": "execute_result"
     }
@@ -208,7 +249,7 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {
     "slideshow": {
-     "slide_type": "slide"
+     "slide_type": "-"
     }
    },
    "source": [
@@ -217,22 +258,23 @@
   }
  ],
  "metadata": {
+  "celltoolbar": "Slideshow",
   "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "display_name": "Python 2",
    "language": "python",
-   "name": "python3"
+   "name": "python2"
   },
   "language_info": {
    "codemirror_mode": {
     "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
+    "version": 2
    },
    "file_extension": ".py",
    "mimetype": "text/x-python",
    "name": "python",
    "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.5.2"
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+   "version": "2.7.12"
   }
  },
  "nbformat": 4,

introduction/02_introduction_to_python_1.ipynb

@@ -9,17 +9,7 @@
    },
    "source": [
     "<span style=\"font-size: 200%\">Introduction to Python (1)</span>\n",
-    "===\n",
-    "\n",
-    "<br>\n",
-    "\n",
-    "[Martijn Vermaat](mailto:m.vermaat.hg@lumc.nl), [Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center](http://humgen.nl)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "[Jeroen Laros](mailto:j.f.j.laros@lumc.nl), [Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center](http://humgen.nl)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Based on: [Python Scientific Lecture Notes](http://scipy-lectures.github.io/)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "License: [Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (CC-by)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)"
+    "===\n"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -37,6 +27,7 @@
     "---\n",
     "\n",
     "* Created early 90's by Guido van Rossem at CWI.\n",
+    "  - Name: Monty Python.\n",
     "* General purpose, high-level programming language.\n",
     "* Design is driven by code readability."
    ]
@@ -56,7 +47,8 @@
     "---\n",
     "\n",
     "* Interpreted, no separate compilation step needed.\n",
-    "* Imperative and object-oriented programming (and some functional programming).\n",
+    "* Imperative and object-oriented programming.\n",
+    "  - And some functional programming.\n",
     "* Dynamic type system.\n",
     "* Automatic memory management.\n",
     "\n",
@@ -404,6 +396,13 @@
     "35 / 5"
    ]
   },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Division is a bit weird: if you give it integer arguments, the result will also be an integer."
+   ]
+  },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
    "execution_count": 8,
@@ -424,13 +423,6 @@
     "36 / 5"
    ]
   },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "Division is a bit weird: if you give it integer arguments, the result will also be an integer."
-   ]
-  },
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {
@@ -606,15 +598,12 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {
     "slideshow": {
-     "slide_type": "subslide"
+     "slide_type": "slide"
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "Python as a calculator\n",
-    "===\n",
-    "\n",
     "Variables\n",
-    "---\n",
+    "===\n",
     "\n",
     "* We can use names to reference values (variables).\n",
     "* No need to declare them first or define the type."
@@ -622,16 +611,17 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 15,
+   "execution_count": 20,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [],
    "source": [
-    "a = 1.3e20"
+    "a = 1.3e20\n",
+    "b = 2"
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 16,
+   "execution_count": 21,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [
     {
@@ -640,7 +630,7 @@
        "1.3e+20"
       ]
      },
-     "execution_count": 16,
+     "execution_count": 21,
      "metadata": {},
      "output_type": "execute_result"
     }
@@ -651,23 +641,23 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 17,
+   "execution_count": 28,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [
     {
      "data": {
       "text/plain": [
-       "2.84e+20"
+       "3.2e+20"
       ]
      },
-     "execution_count": 17,
+     "execution_count": 28,
      "metadata": {},
      "output_type": "execute_result"
     }
    ],
    "source": [
-    "b = a + 1.2e19\n",
-    "b * 2"
+    "c = a + 1.5e19 * b\n",
+    "c * 2"
    ]
   },
   {
@@ -678,7 +668,7 @@
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "Python's type system (1/2)\n",
+    "Python's type system (1/4)\n",
     "===\n",
     "\n",
     "Every value has a type, view it using `type`:"
@@ -746,8 +736,15 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "subslide"
+    }
+   },
    "source": [
+    "Python's type system (2/4)\n",
+    "===\n",
+    "\n",
     "Another example of a builtin datatype is `str`, we'll see more later:"
    ]
   },
@@ -775,13 +772,10 @@
    "cell_type": "markdown",
    "metadata": {
     "slideshow": {
-     "slide_type": "subslide"
+     "slide_type": "-"
     }
    },
    "source": [
-    "Python's type system (2/2)\n",
-    "===\n",
-    "\n",
     "Some operations are defined on more than one type, possibly with different meanings."
    ]
   },
@@ -807,14 +801,61 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "subslide"
+    }
+   },
    "source": [
+    "Python's type system (3/4)\n",
+    "===\n",
+    "\n",
     "Dynamic typing means that variables can be assigned values of different types during runtime."
    ]
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 23,
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "1.3e+20"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 9,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "a"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 10,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/plain": [
+       "float"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 10,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "type(a)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
    "metadata": {},
    "outputs": [
     {
@@ -823,7 +864,7 @@
        "str"
       ]
      },
-     "execution_count": 23,
+     "execution_count": 5,
      "metadata": {},
      "output_type": "execute_result"
     }
@@ -835,8 +876,15 @@
   },
   {
    "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "subslide"
+    }
+   },
    "source": [
+    "Python's type system (4/4)\n",
+    "===\n",
+    "\n",
     "Python is strongly typed, meaning that operations on values with incompatible types are forbidden."
    ]
   },
@@ -860,6 +908,41 @@
     "'beer' + 34"
    ]
   },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "<div class=\"alert alert-success\">\n",
+    "<h1>Hands on!</h1>\n",
+    "\n",
+    "<ol>\n",
+    "  <li>We’ve seen that b = 2 is legal.\n",
+    "    <ul>\n",
+    "      <li> What about 2 = b? </li>\n",
+    "      <li>How about a = b = 1?</li>\n",
+    "     </ul>\n",
+    "  </li>\n",
+    "  <li>In math notation you can multiply x and y like this: xy.\n",
+    "      What happens if you try that in Python?</li>\n",
+    "  <li>How many seconds are there in 42 minutes and 42 seconds?</li>\n",
+    "  <li>How many miles are there in 16 kilometers? Hint: there are 1.61 kilometers in a mile.</li>\n",
+    "  <li>Let's assume that you run a 42 kilometer race in 4 hours 42 minutes and 42 seconds.\n",
+    "    <ul>\n",
+    "      <li>What is your average pace (time per mile in minutes and seconds)?</li>\n",
+    "      <li>What is your average speed in miles per hour?</li>\n",
+    "    </ul>\n",
+    "  </li>\n",
+    "    <li>Use string operations to reference string 'tra la la la' in a variable named <i>song</i>.</li>\n",
+    "  <li>If an article costs 249 Euros including the 19% Value Added Tax (VAT), what is the actual VAT amount in Euros for the corresponding article?</li>\n",
+    "</ol>\n",
+    "\n",
+    "</div>"
+   ]
+  },
   {
    "cell_type": "code",
    "execution_count": 1,
@@ -898,7 +981,7 @@
        "</style>"
       ],
       "text/plain": [
-       "<IPython.core.display.HTML at 0x3463a50>"
+       "<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
       ]
      },
      "execution_count": 1,
@@ -909,30 +992,54 @@
    "source": [
     "from IPython.display import HTML\n",
     "def css_styling():\n",
-    "    styles = open('styles/custom.css', 'r').read()\n",
+    "    styles = open('../styles/custom.css', 'r').read()\n",
     "    return HTML('<style>' + styles + '</style>')\n",
     "css_styling()"
    ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "slideshow": {
+     "slide_type": "slide"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "Acknowledgements\n",
+    "========\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Martijn Vermaat\n",
+    "\n",
+    "[Jeroen Laros](mailto:j.f.j.laros@lumc.nl)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Based on\n",
+    "---------\n",
+    "[Python Scientific Lecture Notes](http://scipy-lectures.github.io/)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "License\n",
+    "--------\n",
+    "[Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (CC-by)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)"
+   ]
   }
  ],
  "metadata": {
   "celltoolbar": "Slideshow",
   "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "display_name": "Python 2",
    "language": "python",
-   "name": "python3"
+   "name": "python2"
   },
   "language_info": {
    "codemirror_mode": {
     "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
+    "version": 2
    },
    "file_extension": ".py",
    "mimetype": "text/x-python",
    "name": "python",
    "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.5.2"
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
+   "version": "2.7.12"
   }
  },
  "nbformat": 4,

visualization/data/populations.csv

+,Year,Belgium,Denmark,Netherlands,Sweden
+0,1950,17.278599999999997,8.5627,20.2273,14.0332
+1,1951,17.3564,8.607399999999998,20.528799999999997,14.140799999999999
+2,1952,17.4608,8.6676,20.7642,14.248899999999999
+3,1953,17.555500000000002,8.7386,20.986,14.3429
+4,1954,17.6388,8.811399999999999,21.2307,14.4272
+5,1955,17.7367,8.8784,21.5018,14.5247
+6,1956,17.8477,8.9328,21.7792,14.6314
+7,1957,17.9787,8.9757,22.0527,14.734300000000001
+8,1958,18.1051,9.0302,22.373600000000003,14.8306
+9,1959,18.2072,9.0932,22.6954,14.907499999999999
+10,1960,18.2376,9.1621,22.973399999999998,14.9607
+11,1961,18.331699999999998,9.2338,23.2775,15.0413
+12,1962,18.436799999999998,9.2939,23.6113,15.1232
+13,1963,18.566200000000002,9.3672,23.931600000000003,15.2087
+14,1964,18.7339,9.4404,24.2543,15.3228
+15,1965,18.896,9.516200000000001,24.5893,15.4678
+16,1966,19.015700000000002,9.595,24.9128,15.6157
+17,1967,19.1129,9.6775,25.1965,15.7355
+18,1968,19.179699999999997,9.729700000000001,25.4594,15.8246
+19,1969,19.2252,9.781500000000001,25.7561,15.936
+20,1970,19.275399999999998,9.8576,26.076999999999998,16.085700000000003
+21,1971,19.346600000000002,9.901399999999999,26.3891,16.1967
+22,1972,19.4222,9.9512,26.6567,16.2449
+23,1973,19.4836,10.0152,26.8784,16.2738
+24,1974,19.5131,10.0905,27.0903,16.320700000000002
+25,1975,19.6017,10.108799999999999,27.3328,16.3854
+26,1976,19.6363,10.1451,27.548000000000002,16.4448
+27,1977,19.660600000000002,10.1766,27.7125,16.502899999999997
+28,1978,19.674599999999998,10.2087,27.8837,16.5517
+29,1979,19.6968,10.2336,28.0765,16.587400000000002
+30,1980,19.7103,10.245999999999999,28.2994,16.6209
+31,1981,19.6976,10.243400000000001,28.4942,16.641
+32,1982,19.714599999999997,10.2355,28.625500000000002,16.6503
+33,1983,19.716,10.2286,28.7339,16.658
+34,1984,19.706,10.2232,28.848399999999998,16.6732
+35,1985,19.7165,10.2274,28.9833,16.7008
+36,1986,19.729599999999998,10.2408,29.144199999999998,16.7396
+37,1987,19.7404,10.254,29.3305,16.795699999999997
+38,1988,19.8034,10.2586,29.5202,16.873
+39,1989,19.8754,10.2646,29.698,16.9859
+40,1990,19.934800000000003,10.2798,29.903,17.1173
+41,1991,20.0092,10.3081,30.1391,17.2273
+42,1992,20.0903,10.3404,30.3681,17.3364
+43,1993,20.1674,10.378499999999999,30.5811,17.4373
+44,1994,20.230800000000002,10.4101,30.7657,17.5621
+45,1995,20.2735,10.4558,30.9179,17.654
+46,1996,20.313285999999998,10.523299999999999,31.061,17.6821
+47,1997,20.340452,10.5686,31.2216,17.6925
+48,1998,20.406016,10.602599999999999,31.4146,17.702399999999997
+49,1999,20.452844,10.63822,31.624,17.716102
+50,2000,20.502511,10.674688,31.851039,17.744588
+51,2001,20.573149,10.710163999999999,32.092372999999995,17.792254
+52,2002,20.665584000000003,10.74851,32.297866,17.849916
+53,2003,20.752265,10.774348,32.450617,17.916458
+54,2004,20.842273,10.802354000000001,32.563558,17.987062
+55,2005,20.957247000000002,10.831956,32.64002,18.059144
+56,2006,21.0959255,10.869133999999999,32.692484,18.161009
+57,2007,21.251411,10.91483,32.763406,18.296198
+58,2008,21.419958,10.978044,32.891203000000004,18.439287
+59,2009,21.592997,11.038882000000001,33.060784999999996,18.597040999999997
+60,2010,21.67981,11.087638,33.230799000000005,18.756252
+61,2011,22.001275999999997,11.133712,33.386160000000004,18.898439
+62,2012,22.189700000000002,11.17417,33.509935999999996,19.038762
+63,2013,22.356872,11.217568,33.608877,19.200757
+64,2014,22.454566,11.279437999999999,33.608877,19.392219
+65,2015,,,33.879855,19.392219